木兰资讯

现状分析

木兰林管局——中国多功能森林经营的先行者

发表时间:2018-05-02
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1. 引言

中国经济的快速增长需要更多的资源。木材等可再生资源对实现经济可持续增长尤为重要。此外,森林提供休闲游憩等环境服务的重要性也日益突出。中国消费者对木材需求巨大,出口导向型的木材产业蓬勃发展,与此同时,森林保护区面积不断增加,这些导致了严重的木材短缺。当前,中国是工业圆木和锯材的最大进口国,需要有生产力高且健康的森林,不仅提供木材和非木材林产品,而且提供社会所迫切需要的各种环境服务,包括保护土壤、改善水质、维护生物多样性和固碳等。木兰林管局正在为提供这些产品与服务付出努力。

2. 木兰林管局

2.1 现状

木兰林管局正面临着巨大的变化。过去强调造林,营造了大量的落叶松,此外也有一些其他树种诸如山杨、白桦、榆树、栎树等。大部分森林处在中幼龄阶段,树龄超过40年的很少。由于树龄小,蓄积量相当低。人们对森林生产力及其未来增长潜力的认识较为有限。然而,木兰林管局的职工们正在加强其森林经营与管理能力,充实森林经营的知识,并学以致用。与此同时,木兰林管局依托其资源拓宽各种收入来源渠道,其收入呈现多元化趋势,除了销售木材之外还出售苗木、向城市出售观赏性树木以及开展其他多种经营。

立足长远加强森林可持续经营成为木兰林管局关注的重点。经营成效也已经初步显现,主要表现在以下方面:对大部分森林进行了适当的疏伐;选定了高价值目标树并做了正确标记;在树木生长的早期阶段进行了人工修枝;伐除目标树的干扰树;采用创新性技术,借鉴并合理应用其他国家的经验。

木兰林管局的管理者及其团队意识到仍然有很多改进的机会,诸如树种选择、树种混交、幼抚与疏伐、更长的生产周期等都是需要改进的关键要素。有些森林需要进行转化,以更好地适应其立地条件。森林经营需要进行调整以满足未来的多种需求,经营强度也需要做出相应的调整。森林经营与家畜放养的冲突,例如牛和山羊的放养破坏了乡土树种的天然更新等问题需要得到解决。森林经营方案与长期规划有待采取足够的技术来实现。为提高效率,还需要改善破碎景观中的基础设施。

2.2展望

木兰林管局极有潜力成为最佳林业实践的典范。森林经营已经得到了实质性的改善,并强调长期经营目标而不是仅仅着眼于当前。为此,需要采用制定长期经营规划的工具。在森林经营规划中,木兰林管局致力于发展多功能林业,将生态、经济和社会目标相结合,为社会提供多种产品与服务。森林有潜力来改善总体的生态条件,同时促进农村可持续发展、创造就业机会、促进当地经济繁荣,并满足日益增长的文化和娱乐等社会需求。在木兰围场与北京之间的高速公路,为游客前来休闲娱乐提供了便利,使实现森林游憩的目标变得更为重要和可行。此外,基础设施的改善也为林产品的外销提供了新的机会。

为了改进森林经营,良好的森林资源清查及对自然进程的正确理解显得尤为重要。建立示范样地并妥善保存相关记录将可以实现这一目的。此外,迫切需要有能够预测森林未来发展的工具,例如收获量表或其他的森林生长模型等。充分应用软件工具将有助于规划、实施和现地记录与存档的实现。立足于长远的森林经营应该建立在战略规划的基础上,战略规划需要考虑当地的生态、经济和社会条件以及人们的未来需求。多功能林业应该以流域层面上的综合规划为基础,应提高林业对不断变化环境的适应性。具体到森林经营而言,这意味着提高森林的生产力和健康状况,蓄积量也应该至少增加一倍。其结果是,平均树龄将大幅度提高,木材质量将显著提升,而需要更新的面积将有所下降。为了实现这些目标,需要开展精心设计的造林、管护和疏伐措施。

在未来几年,通过终伐获取的木材数量将有所减少,而通过疏伐过程获得的木材将有所增加。疏伐将加速单个树木的直径增长,提高林分质量和价值。为了提高效率,森林经营必须严格遵照经营目标。尽管近些年来劳动力成本大幅度增加,但是仍然远低于欧洲的薪酬水平。因此,应该立即开展旨在改善森林状况的劳动密集型的活动,例如抚育和人工修枝等。木兰林管局的职工们深刻地认识到了这些挑战,通过亲自观察、借鉴他人经验、引入创新理念积极地不断地改善森林经营。从林业工人、普通职工到管理者,各个层面的教育都强调创新、创意和安全。木兰林管局有望成为最佳林业实践的典范。

3. 与其他林业企业的对比

3.1 与其他中国林业企业的对比

中国生态多样性极为丰富,很难在国家层面对林业企业及其绩效进行比较。然而,木兰林管局职工们极高的积极性和对新理念的开放思维给我留下了深刻的印象。我相信,通过寻找适合自己的最佳的森林经营方式,他们将会在正确的轨道上快速前进。

3.2 与德国林业企业的对比

德国在遭受了几个世纪的严重的森林破坏之后,重建了高生产力的森林。300年前,卡洛维茨(von Carlowitz)提出了林业可持续性的理念,然后在一个世纪之后,德国制定了森林法来迫使森林所有者开展可持续林业实践。由此,森林面积得以增加,森林生产力得以提高。直到今天,在过去几十年里,德国森林的生长量超过了其采伐量。因此,总蓄积量和树龄都有所增加。如今,德国森林覆盖率约为33%,林木生长量约每公顷12立方米,平均每公顷蓄积量达到了320立方米,平均树龄为77年。林区基础设施包括道路和集材设施都得到了很好的发展。由于高工资的刺激,各个领域的工作效率都大幅提升。当前,大部分森林活动都实现了高度的机械化。在德国,1立方米中等质量木材的市场价格,相当于林业工人2个小时工作的薪酬,而在中国却相当于林业工人近50个小时工作的薪酬。德国大约一半的森林为私人所有,这些私有林通常由一个家庭所拥有并世代相传。森林所有者通常致力于实现森林长期可持续的价值,而不是短期利润。(吴水荣 译)


Mulan Forestry Enterprise - a pioneer in Chinese multipurpose forest management

by Prof. Heinrich Spiecker, Germany

1. Introduction

China‘s fast growing economy requires additional resources. Renewable resources such as wood are of special relevance for sustainable economic growth. Furthermore environmental services as well as the recreational value of forests gain importance. The huge demand of the Chinese wood consumers, as well as the booming export oriented wood based industry and at the same time the increase in protected forest area results in a severe shortage of wood. Today, China is the largest importer of industrial roundwood and sawn timber. Highly productive and healthy forests are needed which provide not only wood and non wood forest products but as well urgently needed environmental services such as soil protection, water quality, biodiversity and carbon sequestration. Mulan forestry enterprise is putting high effort on providing these goods and services.

2. Mulan Forest

2.1 Current Situation

Mulan Forestry Enterprise is facing huge changes. In the past forest establishment was emphasized. Tree species such as larch and pine were planted on a larger scale besides growing aspen, elm, oak and other tree species. Most of the forests are quite young and forests seldom reach an age older than 40 years. Because of the young age the growing stock is still rather low. Knowledge about the forest productivity and its future growth potential is limited. However, the staff is enhancing its management skills and has increased its knowledge about forest management substantially and applied it in the field. The enterprise has a diversified income as for example from nurseries, selling ornamental trees to cities, and has as well some income from selling wood. Improving long-term sustainable forest management is emphasized.

The results of improved forest management are already visible. Most forests are adequately thinned, valuable trees are ed and marked properly, they are often pruned in an early stage, and they were continuously released from competitors. Innovative technology is employed and experiences from other ies are adapted and utilized whenever appropriate. 

The director and his team are aware that there are still many opportunities for improvement. Species ion, species mixture, early tending and thinning and longer production cycles are key elements of improved forestry. Some forests need to be converted into more site adapted forests. Management needs to be adjusted to multiple future needs and management intensity has to be adapted accordingly. The conflict with domesticated animals such as cows and sometimes goats destroying valuable regeneration of indigenous tree species need to be solved.  Long-term management planning is going to be implemented by employing adequate technology. Improving the infrastructure in the fragmented landscape is identified as important for improving efficiency.

2.2 Future Perspective

The Mulan Forestry Enterprise has high potential to serve as an example of best practice forestry. Substantial improvements of forest management have already been achieved. The management emphasizes  long-term aims. For this purpose tools for long-term management planning have to be employed. Mulan Forestry enterprise is aiming for multipurpose forestry combining ecological goals with economic and social goals, and providing various goods and services. Forests should improve the overall ecological conditions and at the same time contribute to sustainable rural development, providing employment and prosperity and fulfill societal needs by stressing cultural and recreational values. A new highway is connecting the enterprise with Beijing making recreational values more relevant. In addition the improved infrastructure offers new opportunities for marketing forest products. In order to improve forestry sound forest inventories and a good understanding of natural processes are essential. Well documented demonstration plots may serve this purpose. In additions tools for predicting the future development of the forests such as yield tables or other growth models are urgently needed. Adequate software will support the planning, implementation and documentation. Long-term management should be based on appropriate strategic planning that takes into ac local ecological, economic, and social conditions and future needs of the people. Multipurpose forestry will be based on integrated planning on the watershed level. Forestry should aim for a high potential to adapt to changing conditions. In terms of operational forest management this means that forest productivity and health should be raised and the growing stock should be increased by at least 100 %. As a consequence the average tree age and wood quality will increase substantially while the regeneration area will decrease. To achieve these aims well designed planting, tending and thinning regimes are needed. Within the next years the wood volume of final cut followed by forest regeneration will be reduced while the wood harvested in thinnings will increase. Thinning will accelerate the diameter growth of individual trees while the total volume growth per ha will be little affected. Forests with undesired stocking have to be converted. Management should be strictly guided by the management aims in order to increase efficiency further. Even so salaries of workers have increased drastically in recent years they are still much lower as compared to European salaries. Therefore labor-intensive actions for improving forestry such as tending and pruning should be implemented now. The staff of Mulan Forestry enterprise is well aware of these challenges, it is motivated to continuous improvement of forest management by learning from own observations, experience from others and openness to new ideas. Education on all levels from the forest worker to the leading managers is emphasizing innovation, creativity and safety. Mulan Forest enterprise has the potential to be an example for best forest management practice.

3. Comparison with other forest enterprises

3.1 Comparison with other Forest Enterprises in China

Due to the high ecological diversity of China it is difficult to compare forest enterprises and their performance on a national level. However, the extremely high motivation of the Mulan forest enterprise staff and its openness to new ideas impressed me very much and I am confident that they will advance fast in finding best ways to manage their forests.

3.2 Comparison with Forest Enterprises in Germany

After severe forest devastation several centuries productive forests were re-established in Germany. 300 years ago von Carlowitz d the idea of sustainable forest management and one century later forest legislation forced forest owners to practice sustainable forestry. As a result forest area and forest productivity increased. Until today during many decades more wood was growing in German forests than was harvested. Therefore growing stock and tree age increased. Today forests cover almost 1/3 of the land surface, wood increment yields about 12 m2 per ha, the growing stock reaches in average 320 m3 per ha, and the average tree age is 77 years. The forest infrastructure including roads and skidding tracks are well developed. Work efficiency has increased substantially in all fields stimulated by the high salary. Today most forest operations are highly mechanized. For the market price of one m3 of medium quality wood in Germany 2 hours of a forest worker can be paid, while in China still almost 50 hours of work can be paid for the same amount of wood. About have of the forest area is privately owned. Private forests often are owned by one family for several generations. Typically forest owners are aiming for long-term sustainable value production and not for short –term profit.  (海因里希施皮克尔 德国弗莱堡大学森林生长研究所所长)